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本课程起止时间为:2020-03-16到2020-05-31
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Chapter 1 EST Reading 单元测验2

1、 问题:1. a doctor engaged in the research of aeromedicine
答案: 【航空医学

2、 问题:2. measures to prevent cybercrime
答案: 【网络犯罪

3、 问题:3. a new type of defroster
答案: 【除霜器

4、 问题:4.a toy powered by photocells
答案: 【光电管

5、 问题:5. a car equipped with an autoalarm
答案: 【自动报警器

6、 问题:6. soundproof material
答案: 【隔音

7、 问题:7. a widely applied pesticide
答案: 【杀虫剂

8、 问题:8. an experiment with radiocarbon
答案: 【放射性碳

9、 问题:9.the development of telecommunication
答案: 【电信

10、 问题:10. a multi-purpose machine tool
答案: 【多用途

【作业】Chapter 1 EST Reading 单元测验1

1、 问题:翻译:Haplotype analyses were conducted on the alignment of coding regions using DnaSP. Evolutionary analysis of haplotypes used NETWORK. Population size changes were estimated using both DnaSP and Arlequin. Expansion date of population size was calculated based on the expansion parameter tau (τ) using the formula t=τ/2u.(9分)另外:指出本段中的被动语态的句子。(1分)
评分规则: 【 利用DnaSP对编码区进行了单倍型分析。
利用NETWORK软件进行单倍型进化分析。
用DnaSP和Arlequin估计种群大小的变化。
根据膨胀参数τ(τ),利用公式t=τ/2u计算种群规模的膨胀日期。
被动语态句子:(1)Haplotype analyses were conducted on the alignment of coding regions using DnaSP.(2)Population size changes were estimated using both DnaSP and Arlequin. (3) Expansion date of population size was calculated based on the expansion parameter tau (τ) using the formula t=τ/2u.得分标准:三句都指出来的得1分,否则0分。

2、 问题:翻译:The outbreak of COVID-19 started in mid-December 2019 in Wuhan, Central China. Up to February 19, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 75,000 people in China, and another 25 countries across five continents. In this study, we used 93 complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from the GISAID EpiFluTM database to investigate the evolution and human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 in the recent two months.
评分规则: 【 第一句参考答案:COVID-19于2019年12月中旬在中国中部武汉爆发。
第二句参考答案:截至2020年2月19日,SARS-CoV-2已在中国和五大洲的另外25个国家感染了75000多人。
第三句参考答案:本研究利用GISAID-EpiFluTM数据库中的93个SARS-CoV-2全基因组,对近两个月来SARS-CoV-2的进化和人与人之间的传播进行了研究。

【作业】Chapter Two Translation of EST 英译汉

1、 问题:Eight coding-regions have 120 substitution sites, including 79 non-synonymous and 40 synonymous substitutions. Forty-two non-synonymous substitutions changed the biochemical property of amino acids. No combinations were detected. Fifty-eight haplotypes were classified into five groups: 31 haplotypes were found in samples from China and 31 in samples from other countries. The rooted network suggested that H13 and H35 were ancestral haplotypes, and H1 (which with its descendants included all samples from the Hua Nan market) was derived from the H3 haplotype. Population size of SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to have had a recent expansion on 6 January 2020, and an early expansion on 8 December 2019.
评分规则: 【 Eight coding-regions have 120 substitution sites, including 79 non-synonymous and 40 synonymous substitutions. 8个编码区共有120个替换位点,其中非同义替换79个,同义替换40个。
Forty-two non-synonymous substitutions changed the biochemical property of amino acids. No combinations were detected.42个非同义替代改变了氨基酸的生化性质。(1分)未检测到任何混合体。(1分)
Fifty-eight haplotypes were classified into five groups: 31 haplotypes were found in samples from China and 31 in samples from other countries. 可以将58个单倍型分为5组:中国和国外各有31个单倍型。
The rooted network suggested that H13 and H35 were ancestral haplotypes, and H1 (which with its descendants included all samples from the Hua Nan market) was derived from the H3 haplotype. 根网络分析表明H13和H35是祖先的单倍型,H1(其后代包括华南市场的所有样品)来自H3单倍型。
Population size of SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to have had a recent expansion on 6 January 2020, and an early expansion on 8 December 2019.据估计,SARS-CoV-2的人口规模于2019年12月8日前扩大一次,最近一次于2020年1月6日扩大。

2、 问题:Genomic variations of SARS-CoV-2 are still low in comparisons with published genomes of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Phyloepidemiologic analyses suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 source at the Hua Nan market was imported from elsewhere. The crowded market then boosted SARS-CoV-2 circulation and spread it to the whole city in early December 2019. Furthermore, phyloepidemiologic approaches have recovered specific directions of human-to-human transmissions and the sources for international infected cases.
评分规则: 【 Genomic variations of SARS-CoV-2 are still low in comparisons with published genomes of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. 与已发表的SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV基因组相比,SARS-CoV-2的基因组变异仍然较低。
Phyloepidemiologic analyses suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 source at the Hua Nan market was imported from elsewhere. 系统流行病学分析表明,华南市场的SARS-CoV-2源是从其他地方进入的。
The crowded market then boosted SARS-CoV-2 circulation and spread it to the whole city in early December 2019. 随后,拥挤的市场推动了SARS-CoV-2的流通,并在2019年12月初将其传播至全市。
Furthermore, phyloepidemiologic approaches have recovered specific directions of human-to-human transmissions and the sources for international infected cases.此外,系统流行病学方法已经覆盖了人与人之间传播的特定方向和国际感染病例的来源。

【作业】Chapter Two Translation of EST 20200328_Lesson one_预习作业

1、 问题:列出Lesson One课文中10个技术词(Technical words),一个1分,答错一个扣一分,多答不加分。
评分规则: 【 根据课文内容给分,本题目应该不难,例如ribosome、cytoplasm等,大家可以自行判断。

2、 问题:列出Lesson One课文中3个半技术词(Semi-technical words),一个2分,答错一个扣2分,多答不加分。
评分规则: 【 根据课文情况大家自行判断,例如house, envelope,cell, matrix

3、 问题:列出Lesson One课文中10个前缀单词,并写出前缀是什么,答题格式举例如下:subway: sub+一个2分,其中写出单词1分,写出前缀1分,总分20分,多答不加分。
评分规则: 【 请根据课文内容自行判断,例如:Substance:sub+Cytoplasm: cyto+Semifluid: semi+Consist: con+Cytoskeleton: cyto+Chromosome: chromo+Polysome: poly+Leucoplasts: leu+Chemotaxis: chemo+

4、 问题:列出Lesson One课文中5个复合单词(Compound words ),一个2分
评分规则: 【 根据课文内容得分,举例:OutsideWithinNetwork energy-yieldingself-replicatingfree-livingLatticeworkthreadlikewhiplike

5、 问题:列出Lesson One课文中3个缩写词(Abbreviations),并写出其英文全称,以及其构成形式(initials, acronyms, blends, other forms),共9分,多答不加分。例如:PCR(1分), Polymerase Chain Reaction(1分),属于initials构成形式(1分)
评分规则: 【 根据课文情况得分,例如:mRNA, Messenger ribonucleic acid,属于initials构成形式,RER, Rough endoplasmic reticulum ,属于initials构成形式,SER, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ,属于initials构成形式一点1分,共9分

6、 问题:列出Lesson One课文中1个专有名词(Proper nouns),共2分,多答不加分。
评分规则: 【 Golgi

【作业】Chapter 3 Scientific Writing 20200106_第4周作业-视频翻译

1、 问题:翻译QQ上传的视频“8. Inside a Eukaryotic Cell – Organelles and their Functions_7.57” ,翻译成中文上交作业。3周时间(20200406-20200427),预期没交将没有分数。
评分规则: 【 注意,翻译没有标准答案,只有参考答案,请大家根据参考答案酌情打分!大家好,欢迎来到这一学年,接下来的几分钟我们将要介绍我们能在典型的动物细胞中找到的细胞器及其基本功能。这些色彩斑斓的部分,你可以说他们有各种形状和形式,皮肤细胞、头发细胞、血细胞。正如你们所见,他们在外面看起来并不相似,但是在内部,他们有着非常类似的细胞器,具有类似的功能。(得分2)
看这张图表,它呈现出典型的真核细胞内部结构,我们现在要做的就是通过介绍这些细胞器来讨论他们的主要的功能。质膜只是沿着细胞外部运行,外部有一些小突起,称之为微绒毛,增加细胞表面积,以帮助分泌和吸收物质。这个图中没有显示鞭毛和纤毛,类似现在的更长延伸,帮助细胞富集以及推动路径。(得分2)
在细胞膜内是凝胶状物质。任何细胞内的中心结构就是细胞核,它是圆形、巨大的结构,它包含的DNA是我们的遗传信息,能够自我控制。在另一地方,你可以看到一个包含着RNA的核仁。(得分2)
靠近细胞核的细胞器的这个细胞器被称为粗面内质网,为什么称之为糙面内质网呢?因为上面附着有小的圆形结构,称之为核糖体,具有合成产生蛋白质的功能。另一面,这个结构被称为滑面内质网,不包含任何核糖体是他们被称为滑面内质网的原因,帮助帮助合成和运输脂质和类固醇。(得分2)
蛋白质在糙面内质网产生之后是如何到达高尔基体的呢?蛋白质被包装进储存器中,像车辆一样,运送到需要这些蛋白质的位置,可能位于细胞外部,也可能位于细胞内部。(得分2)
就像是一个包装区域,高尔基体的功能是产生溶酶体,溶酶体的特殊之处在于它含有消化酶,消化酶在细胞中很有用,如果它是细胞内的次品,这些溶酶体会出现并在高尔基体中切除它;衰老损伤细胞浪费且消耗能量,因此消除他们;帮助吞噬和去除细菌和病毒。(得分2)
线粒体是椭圆形的,具有双层膜,我们可以看到,这样确实有助于能量生产,所以当我们需要转换能量,需要在线粒体的协助下经历复杂的过程,我们通常将葡萄糖转化为体内所需的ATP能量。(得分2)
这个成对的结构称为中心体,由微管组成,帮助构建我之前提到的鞭毛和纤毛,他们是从细胞膜中伸出来的部分,有助于细胞运动。中心粒在细胞分裂中也起着重要作用。(得分2)
现在这张图中没有标出,但是也比较重要的是细胞骨架,是为细胞提供支持的网状结构。这是在典型的细胞中所能发现的所有细胞器及其功能的简要概述,它是一幅描绘典型真核细胞内部的图表,必要的话,你可以回顾我们刚刚所讨论的,因为我知道你也许会发现新的信息,你会在下一张幻灯片找到答案。(得分1)
细胞膜是否围绕着细胞内部的细胞质,就像细胞质结构一样。在巨大的细胞核里面一个小的圆形核仁结构,在这里附近有一个串状的结构,像这样附着有圆形结构,圆形结构是产生蛋白质的核糖体,发送到高尔基的蛋白质是从打包的包装结构中取出来的。在这里,我们有一个充满消化酶的溶酶体。还有成对出现的中心粒。我之前应该已经提过了,除此之外,核糖体不仅在糙面内质网上,也可以分散在整个细胞质中。所以我们简单提到这一点,这是细胞骨架的一部分,它为细胞骨架提供支持,同时也协助细胞周围的运输。(得分2)
这是几乎所有细胞内的细胞器及生物学特定领域的功能简要概述。为了记住我今天所讲的内容,我建议第二次或第三次观看视频,或者自己标记一些图表来看看你掌握的程度。谢谢观看!(得分1)

【作业】Chapter 3 Scientific Writing 20200410_第5周作业2_列出实验室常见单词与翻译

1、 问题:20200410_第5周作业2_列出至少10个实验室常见单词与翻译,一个1分,英文和中文都要写出来才能得分
评分规则: 【 本题目没有标准答案,大家根据是否合理性和正确性打分,列出一个1分,英文和中文都要写出来才能得分.

【作业】Chapter 3 Scientific Writing 20200410_第5周作业_朗读课文1第一段

1、 问题:Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.
评分规则: 【 要求发音清晰,流利,注意一些单词的发音,例如:properties ,Organelles,cytoskeleton,Dissolved,materials

Chapter 3 Scientific Writing 20200425_第7周作业_选择题

1、 问题:Most of the properties associated with processes of life are properties of _
选项:
A:the nucleus
B:DNA
C:the cytoplasm
D:endosymbionts
E:none of the above
答案: 【the cytoplasm

2、 问题:Ribosomes______
选项:
A:are organelles involved in protein synthesis
B:are the cell’s main energy source
C:are storage sites for starch
D:are involved in the breakdown of proteins
E:store genetic information in the form of DNA
答案: 【are organelles involved in protein synthesis

3、 问题:The process of phagocytosis involves_____
选项:
A:exocytosis
B:intake of water by a cell’s vacuole
C:vacuolar engulfing of particulate matter
D:expulsion of particulate matter from a ce
E:expulsion of water from a cell
答案: 【vacuolar engulfing of particulate matter

4、 问题:Lysosomes contain____
选项:
A:hydrolytic enzymes
B:genetic material
C:stored fats
D:proteins
E:carbohydrates
答案: 【hydrolytic enzymes

5、 问题:Ribosomes are manufactured in_____
选项:
A:Cytoplasm
B:nucleoli
C:rough endoplasmic reticulum
D:smooth endoplasmic reticulum
答案: 【nucleoli

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