2021 现代西方哲学（Ⅰ）(郑州大学) 最新满分章节测试答案

本答案对应课程为:点我自动跳转查看
本课程起止时间为:2021-10-15到2022-01-31
本篇答案更新状态:已完结

第一章 《现代西方哲学》导论 第一章 单元测试

1、 问题:哲学的最基本特是什么？
选项：
A:批判性思维方式
B:内容丰富
C:流派众多
D:哲学家同时又是科学家
答案: 【批判性思维方式】

2、 问题:现代西方哲学与传统西方哲学关系是什么？
选项：
A:没有任何关系
B:是完全两种不同的哲学思维方式
C:现代西方哲学与传统西方哲学完全断裂
D:现代西方哲学与传统西方哲学并没有完全断裂
答案: 【现代西方哲学与传统西方哲学并没有完全断裂】

3、 问题:近代哲学向现代哲学转折的原因表现在几个方面？
选项：
A:自然科学的最新发展是导致哲学思维方式改变的重要契机
B:时代变化不可避免地导致人们思维方式的改变
C:哲学自身发展的逻辑是近代哲学向现代哲学转向的内在原因
D:近代认识论固有的二元对立的思维方式并不能真正的认识世界，迫使哲学家寻求新的思维模式来把握世界的真实状况
答案: 【自然科学的最新发展是导致哲学思维方式改变的重要契机;
时代变化不可避免地导致人们思维方式的改变;
哲学自身发展的逻辑是近代哲学向现代哲学转向的内在原因;
近代认识论固有的二元对立的思维方式并不能真正的认识世界，迫使哲学家寻求新的思维模式来把握世界的真实状况】

4、 问题:近代西方哲学认为语言是表象的工具，语言指示外在客体，现代哲学转变为对语言的意义进行分析与理解，意义问题成为现代哲学研究的切入点和中心论题。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

5、 问题:叔本华认为理性主义并不能把握世界的实在，只能把握现象领域。因此，必须超越二元对立的理性主义思维模式，依靠非理性的、神秘性的直觉才能认识人或事物的本真存在
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

6、 问题:现代西方哲学在哪些方面超越近代西方哲学表现在四个方面，它们分别是：
答案: 【宏大理论体系、二元对立、非理性主义、现实】

【作业】第一章 《现代西方哲学》导论 思考题

1、 问题:1、观点新颖（20分）。2、论文的结构导次分明（10分）。3、论证的逻辑性强（10分）。4、语言表达通顺（10分）。
评分规则: 【 1、观点新颖（20分）。2、论文的结构导次分明（10分）。3、论证的逻辑性强（10分）。4、语言表达通顺（10分）。
】

第二章 非理性主义及叔本华的哲学思想 单元测试

1、 问题:叔本华接受了柏拉图的理论，不同等级的（）是沟通意志与表象的桥梁。
选项：
A:形式
B:理念
C:原因
D:目的
E:质料
答案: 【理念】

2、 问题:世界永远是我们表象它的那个样子，世界上的事物之所有不同的类型，是因为我们有不同的表象方式。我们具有四种表象能力或表象形式，下边哪个不是我们的表象能力？
选项：
A:直观经验的表象形式
B:思维或抽象概念的表象形式
C:感性现象或对时间或空间的先天直观的表象形式
D:非理性的直觉
E:独立或行动的表象
答案: 【非理性的直觉】

3、 问题:叔本华的观点类似于西方哲学史上的哪位哲学家的观点呢？
选项：
A:亚里士多德
B:黑格尔
C:康德
D:笛卡尔
答案: 【康德】

4、 问题:叔本华认为真正可取的方式是意志转向，也就是说，把自己的欲望和生存意志束之高阁，避免它们实际地接触任何东西，力求在内心中对一切事物保持冷漠的态度。他提出的主要途径可以使意志发生转向的两种方式是：
选项：
A:体育锻炼
B:研究哲学
C:科学探索
D:艺术直觉
答案: 【研究哲学;
艺术直觉】

5、 问题:非理性主义以非理性的情感、意志、欲望、本能、兴趣、无意识等取代传统理性主义的实体，改变了人们理解人类精神世界和现实生活的方式。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

6、 问题:世界永远是我们表象它的那个样子，世界上的事物之所有不同的类型，是因为我们有不同的表象方式。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

7、 问题:叔本华的意志是意识的、非盲目的、可控制的冲动。意志的特点是求生存，故可称为生存意志。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【错误】

8、 问题:理性无法认识世界的本质，那么人们要想达到实在、获得具有客观意义的真理，只能依靠意志的自我反省（也就是自我体验），这是一种非理性的直觉。
选项：
A:正确
B:错误
答案: 【正确】

9、 问题:叔本华认为（）是世界的本质。
答案: 【意志】

10、 问题:叔本华认为人生就是一场悲剧，在（ ）和（ ）之间像钟摆一样来回摆动着。
答案: 【痛苦； 无聊】

【作业】第二章 非理性主义及叔本华的哲学思想 作业

1、 问题:阅读《作为意志和表象的世界》第一章到第二章，撰写一篇读后感，500字左右。
评分规则: 【 1、准确地理解原著的思想（20分）；2、自己的观点新颖，有独创性（20分）；3、论文结构合理，层次分明（20分）；4、论述的逻辑性强（20分）；5、语言简洁清晰（20分）。
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【作业】第二章 非理性主义及叔本华的哲学思想 材料题：英文

1、 问题:Schopenhauer’s system is an adaptation of Kant’s, but one that emphasizes quite different aspects of the Critique from those emphasized by Fichte or Hegel. They got rid of the thing-in-itself, and thus made knowledge metaphysically fundamental. Schopenhauer retained the thing-in-itself, but identified it with will. He held that what appears to perception as my body is really my will. There was more to be said for this view as a development of Kant than most Kantians were willing to recognize. Kant had maintained that a study of the moral law can take us behind phenomena, and give us knowledge which sense-perception cannot give; he also maintained that the moral law is essentially concerned with the will. The difference between a good man and a bad man is, for Kant, a difference in the world of things-in-themselves, and is also a difference as to volitions. It follows that, for Kant, volitions must belong to the real world, not to the world of phenomena. The phenomenon corresponding to a volition is a bodily movement; that is why, according to Schopenhauer, the body is the appearance of which will is the reality. But the will which is behind phenomena cannot consist of a number of different volitions. Both time and space, according to Kant–and in this Schopenhauer agrees with him–belong only to phenomena; the thing-in-itself is not in space or time. My will, therefore, in the sense in which it is real, cannot be dated, nor can it be composed of separate acts of will, because it is space and time that are the source of plurality–the “principle of individuation,” to use the scholastic phrase which Schopenhauer prefers. My will, therefore, is one and timeless. Nay, more, it is to be identified with the will of the whole universe; my separateness is an illusion, resulting from my subjective apparatus of spatio-temporal perception. What is real is one vast will, appearing in the whole course of nature, animate and inanimate alike. So far, we might expect Schopenhauer to identify his cosmic will with God, and teach a pantheistic doctrine not unlike Spinoza’s, in which virtue would consist in conformity to the divine will. But at this point his pessimism leads to a different development. The cosmic will is wicked; will, altogether, is wicked, or at any rate is the source of all our endless suffering. Suffering is essential to all life, and is increased by every increase of knowledge. Will has no fixed end, which if achieved would bring contentment. Although death must conquer in the end, we pursue our futile purposes. There is no such thing as happiness, for an unfulfilled wish causes pain, and attainment brings only satiety. Instinct urges men to procreation, which brings into existence a new occasion for suffering and death; that is why shame is associated with the sexual act. Suicide is useless; the doctrine of transmigration, even if not literally true, conveys truth in the form of a myth.
评分规则: 【 1、理解文章的大意（70分）；2、表达清楚、简洁（30）
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【作业】第三章 尼采的哲学思想 Read the materials of Nietchze

1、 问题:Supplementary reading and think about the relationship between philosophy and disease (https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/y4FUYsDT-cCs4vkZ7oSkww)
评分规则: 【 阅读完，就可以获得满分。
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2、 问题:Read the materials quickly ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche)
评分规则: 【 阅读完成后，就可获得满分。
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【作业】第三章 尼采的哲学思想 英语翻译

1、 问题:1）Nietzsche was profoundly influenced by two events shortly before he took up his chair. One was reading of Schopenhauer’s The World as Will and Idea; the other was meeting Richard Wagner, whose Tristan und Isolde had fascinated him since he had heard it at the age of sixteen. His first published work, The Birth of Tragedy of 1872, showed the influence of both men. In it he drew a contrast between two aspects of the Greek psyche: the wild irrational passions personified in Dionysus, which found expression in music and tragedy, and the disciplined and harmonious beauty represented by Apollo, which found expression in epic and the plastic arts. The triumph of Greek culture was to achieve a synthesis between the two—a synthesis that was disrupted by the rationalistic incursion of Socrates.The decadence which then overtookGreecehad infected contemporaryGermany, which could achieve salvation only through following the lead of Wagner, to whom the book was dedicated.2）These ideas were given an exposition that was less prophetical and morediscursive in the philosophically most important of Nietzsche’s works, Beyond Good and Evil of 1886 and The Genealogy of Morals in 1887. These texts set out a contrast between an aristocratic master-morality which places a high value on nobility, bravery, and truthfulness, and a slave-morality or herd-morality which values submissive traits such as humility, sympathy, and benevolence. Nietzsche saw these works as prolegomena to a systematic exposition of his philosophy, on which he worked energetically but was never able to complete. Several versions extracted from his notes were posthumously published, but only the first part of the work appeared in his lifetime, under the title The Antichrist (published in 1895).3）The year 1888 was one of feverish production. In addition to The Antichrist Nietzsche published a ferocious attack on Wagner (The Case of Wagner) and wrote The Twilight of the Idols (published in 1889). He also wrote a semi-autobiographical work, Ecce Homo, in which can be detected signs of the mental instability (probably of syphilitic origin) that led to him being institutionalized in Jena in 1889. He ended his days insane, being nursed first by his mother and later at Weimar by his sister Elizabeth, who built up an archive of his papers. Nietzsche died in 1900; his sister took control of his Nachlass and exercised a degree of protective control over its publication.4) During the twentieth century Nietzsche had a great influence in continental Europe, especially upon Russian literature and German philosophy. His opposition to submissive morality and to democratic socialism made him popular among Nazis, who saw themselves as developing a race of superior humans. Partly for this reason, he was long neglected by English-speaking philosophers; but in the latter part of the century, ethicists in the analytic tradition came to realize that his onslaught on traditional morality needed to be answered rather than ignored
评分规则: 【 基本正确，语言通顺流畅。
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【作业】第三章 尼采的哲学思想 原著阅读

1、 问题:权力意志，请写1000字左右的读后感。
评分规则: 【 言之成理。
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【作业】第四章 生命哲学概况及柏格森的生命哲学 英文材料题