2024智慧树网课答案 研究生外国语上19夏秋 最新完整智慧树知到满分章节测试答案

第一章 单元测试

1、 问题:

The student had worked for several years on a project suggested by his tutor but the project had___ no publishable data.

选项：
A:yielded
B:submitted
C:surrendered
D:harvested
答案: 【yielded】

2、 问题:

Having been ___ to net surfing and on-line games, the college student failed to get the required credits for graduation.

选项：
A:approached
B:addicted
C:indulged
D:collapsed
答案: 【addicted】

3、 问题:

There’s more than one way to learn, so be sure to ___ different methods into your training.

选项：
A:corporate
B:company
C:incorporate
D:collect
答案: 【incorporate】

4、 问题:

The labor dispute turned out that the coal miners decided to ___ the pay rise for the sake of greater work safety underground.

选项：
A:speculate
B:fabricate
C:legislate
D:forgo
答案: 【forgo】

5、 问题:

A dictionary of the English language, ___ by Dr. Samuel Johnson, was the first real attempt as a systematic and interestingly written survey of English usage.

选项：
A:constructed
B:composed
C:compiled
D:collected
答案: 【compiled】

6、 问题:

After his retirement he opened a watch-repairing shop and his ___manner won him word of mouth among the clients.

选项：
A:fictitious
B:oblivious
C:superstitious
D:meticulous
答案: 【meticulous】

7、 问题:

He was the first man to ___ the Atlantic alone.

选项：
A:estimate
B:legislate
C:navigate
D:investigate
答案: 【navigate】

8、 问题:

The Forsters believe so firmly in family equality that they never go to visit their friends without their children’s ___.

选项：
A:permit
B:permission
C:admission
D:allowance
答案: 【permission】

9、 问题:

The resolution of the U.N. Security Council had a clear ___, that is, to make joint efforts to fight against terrorism. 

选项：
A:objective
B:objection
C:problem
D:mention
答案: 【objective】

10、 问题:

The international court of justice might be a suitable place to ___ claims.

选项：
A:decide
B:discuss
C:adjudicate
D:legalize
答案: 【adjudicate】

11、 问题:

He finally agreed, ____ reluctantly, to help us.

选项：
A:therefore
B:furthermore
C:in spite of
D:albeit
答案: 【albeit】

12、 问题:

The continued abuse of human rights has now led the United States to impose ___ against the regime (政权).

选项：
A:punishment
B:sanction
C:investigation
D:implementation
答案: 【sanction】

13、 问题:

It is really difficult to adapt to the ___ pace of life in big cities after you spent several years in the countryside.

选项：
A:frenetic
B:relaxing
C:comfortable
D:incredible
答案: 【frenetic】

14、 问题:

I didn't want to become ___ in their quarrels, so I just made myself scarce.

选项：
A:included
B:contained
C:related
D:embroiled
答案: 【embroiled】

15、 问题:

He concluded that empirical evidence supports the ___ of these treatments.

选项：
A:efficiency
B:efficacy
C:affect
D:affection
答案: 【efficacy】

16、 问题:

The relationship between Church and State was ___ in a formal agreement.

选项：
A:regulated
B:negotiated
C:delineated
D:restricted
答案: 【delineated】

17、 问题:

 There is a general public ___ that standards in schools are falling.

选项：
A:perception
B:interest
C:interaction
D:convention
答案: 【perception】

18、 问题:

 A recent treaty signed by Russia, Canada and Japan ___ an agreement to work together to stop the pirates.

选项：
A:negotiated
B:institutionalized
C:regulated
D:formalized
答案: 【formalized】

19、 问题:

The___ of new passenger cars each year depends on whether car makers successfully complete an emission certification process.

选项：
A:assessment
B:availability
C:efficiency
D:evaluation
答案: 【availability】

20、 问题:

The European marketplace offers excellent ___for increasing sales.

选项：
A:benefit
B:advantage
C:realization
D:potential
答案: 【potential】

21、 材料:

Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosophers not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?

The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.

A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.

The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.

Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.

21、 问题:

The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ___

选项：
A:

Philosophy of mathematics

B:

The Recent Growth in Science

C:

The Verification of Facts

D:

Methods of Scientific Inquiry

答案: 【

Methods of Scientific Inquiry

】

21、 问题:

According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is ___

选项：
A:

the similarity between the two periods

B:

that it was an act of God

C:

that both tried to develop the inductive method

D:

due to the decline of the deductive method

答案: 【

that it was an act of God

】

21、 问题:

The difference between “fact” and “theory” ___

选项：
A:is that the latter needs confirmation
B:

rests on the simplicity of the former

C:

is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.

D:

helps us to understand the deductive method

答案: 【is that the latter needs confirmation】

21、 问题:

According to the author, mathematics is ___

选项：
A:

an inductive science

B:

in need of simple verification

C:

a deductive science

D:

based on fact and theory

答案: 【

a deductive science

】

21、 问题:

The statement “Theories are facts” may be called ___

选项：
A:

a metaphor

B:

a paradox

C:

an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods

D:

a pun

答案: 【

a paradox

】

22、 材料:

Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.

　　This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or – independently of any course – simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.

　　We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not a unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating him and her. This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.

　　We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.

22、 问题:

According to the passage, ‘scientific subculture’ means ___

选项：
A:cultural groups that are formed by scientists
B:people whose knowledge of science is very limited
C:the scientific community
D:people who make good contribution to science
答案: 【the scientific community】

22、 问题:

We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because___

选项：
A:it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists
B:Science affects almost every aspect of our life
C:Scientists live in a specific subculture
D:It is easier to understand general characteristics of science
答案: 【Science affects almost every aspect of our life】

22、 问题:

The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who___

选项：
A:are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science
B:are good at producing various gadgets
C:work in a storehouse of dried facts
D:want to have a superficial understanding of science
答案: 【are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science】

22、 问题:

According to this passage, ___

选项：
A:English is a sexist language
B:only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly
C:women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language
D:male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists
答案: 【male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists】

22、 问题:

This passage most probably is___

选项：
A:a book review
B:the preface of a book
C:the postscript of a book
D:the concluding part of a book
答案: 【the preface of a book】

23、 材料:

Police fired tear gas and arrested more than 5,000 passively resisting protestors Friday in an attempt to break up the largest antinuclear demonstration ever staged in the United States. More than 135,000 demonstrators confronted police on the construction site of a 1,000-megawatt nuclear power plant scheduled to provide power to most of southern New Hampshire. Organizers of the huge demonstration said, the protest was continuing despite the police actions. More demonstrators were arriving to keep up the pressure on state authorities to cancel the project. The demonstrator had charged that the project was unsafe in the densely populated area, would create thermal pollution in the bay, and had no acceptable means for disposing of its radioactive wastes. The demonstrations would go on until the jails and the courts were so overloaded that the state judicial system would collapse.

　　Governor Stanforth Thumper insisted that there would be no reconsideration of the power project and no delay in its construction set for completion in three years. “This project will begin on time and the people of this state will begin to receive its benefits on schedule. Those who break the law in misguided attempts to sabotage the project will be dealt with according to the law,” he said. And police called in reinforcements from all over the state to handle the disturbances.

　　The protests began before dawn Friday when several thousand demonstrators broke through police lines around the cordoned-off construction site. They carried placards that read “No Nukes is Good Nukes,” “Sunpower, Not Nuclear Power,” and “Stop Private Profits from Public Peril.” They defied police order to move from the area. Tear gas canisters fired by police failed to dislodge the protestors who had come prepared with their own gas masks or facecloths. Finally gas-masked and helmeted police charged into the crowd to drag off the demonstrators one by one. The protestors did not resist police, but refused to walk away under their own power. Those arrested would be charged with unlawful assembly, trespassing, and disturbing the peace.

23、 问题:

What were the demonstrators protesting about?

选项：
A:Private profits
B:Nuclear Power Station
C:The project of nuclear power construction
D:Public peril
答案: 【The project of nuclear power construction】

23、 问题:

Who had gas-masks?

选项：
A:Everybody
B:A part of the protestors
C:Policemen
D:Both B and C
答案: 【Both B and C】

23、 问题:

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a reason for the demonstration?

选项：
A:Public transportation
B:Public peril
C:Pollution
D:Disposal of wastes
答案: 【Public transportation】

23、 问题:

With whom were the jails and courts overloaded?

选项：
A:With prisoners
B:With arrested demonstrators
C:With criminals
D:With protestors
答案: 【With arrested demonstrators】

23、 问题:

What is the attitude of Governor Stanforth Thumper toward the power project and the demonstration?

选项：
A:stubborn
B:insistent
C:insolvable
D:remissible
答案: 【stubborn】

24、 材料:

Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.

　 The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.

　 Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated ‘because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.

　 “The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded,“did not support these opinions.”

　 1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.

　 2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialties.

　 3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.

　 Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.

　 As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D.’s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D.’s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D.’s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.

　 As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.

24、 问题:

The author states that many educators feel that ___

选项：
A:steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus
B:the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study
C:the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout
D:the high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members
答案: 【steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus】

24、 问题:

Research has shown that ___

选项：
A:Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D.’s in financial attainment
B:the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies
C:The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out
D:about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree
答案: 【about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree】

24、 问题:

Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D. ___

选项：
A:is the most frequent reason for dropping out
B:is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate
C:is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.
D:does not vary in difficulty among universities
答案: 【is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.】

24、 问题:

After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that ___

选项：
A:optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree
B:a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree
C:colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts
D:Ph. D.’s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions
答案: 【optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree】

24、 问题:

It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in ___

选项：
A:salary for Ph. D. too low
B:academic requirement too high
C:salary for dropouts too high
D:1000 positions
答案: 【salary for Ph. D. too low】

第二章 单元测试

1、 问题:

Two suspects have been _____ by the police for questioning. 

选项：
A:delayed
B:deployed
C:detained
D:dispatched
答案: 【detained】

2、 问题:

 Hong Kong is a ______ place where people regularly put out offerings of food and other gifts for dead relatives.

选项：
A:superior
B:selfish
C:superstitious
D:superficial
答案: 【superstitious】

3、 问题:

Having been ______ to net surfing and online games, the college student failed to get the required credits for graduation.

选项：
A:approached
B:addicted
C:indulged
D:collapsed
答案: 【addicted】

4、 问题:

Scientist are increasingly certain they have identified the precise virus that causes severe acute respiratory ______ 

选项：
A:syndrome
B:sympathy
C:symbol
D:syllabus
答案: 【syndrome】

5、 问题:

From now on, I will be more forward going, less _____, more practical and decisive.

选项：
A:systemic
B:sensational
C:sentimental
D:sensible
答案: 【sentimental】

6、 问题:

An ____ to competition helps to explain why monopolies continue to dominate the economy.

选项：
A:addiction
B:access
C:assertion
D:aversion
答案: 【aversion】

7、 问题:

 Last week Jackson apologized for _____ comments he made about Obama and about the

  candidate’s speeches on black parental responsibility.

选项：
A:derogatory
B:complimentary
C:

critical

D:

neutral

答案: 【derogatory】

8、 问题:

The world is becoming smaller, but in the process, it is also becoming more complicated. This makes a comprehensive and _____ approach to development more important than ever before. 

选项：
A:pragmatic
B:

practical

C:

appreciative

D:

alternative

答案: 【pragmatic】

9、 问题:

Whatever on may think about Marx, one must not ____ the role he plays in our world. 

选项：
A:

highlight

B:

benefit

C:

belittle

D:

insult

答案: 【

belittle

】

10、 问题:

If your career is at the top of you ____ list then you might decide against having kids.

选项：
A:

efficacy

B:

priority

C:

protocol

D:

assumption

答案: 【

priority

】

11、 问题:

He said each case would be taken on its own _____ and looked at individually.

选项：
A:

initiative

B:

connotation

C:

proposition

D:

merit

答案: 【

merit

】

12、 问题:

The ______ thing is to let people fall in love with the city at first sight, attracting them by its unique image.

选项：
A:

first and foremost

B:

predetermined

C:

unpredictable

D:

firsthand

答案: 【

first and foremost

】

13、 问题:

The old idea of being _____ and accepting what you are told has gone.

选项：
A:

ritualistic

B:

secular

C:

deferential

D:

manipulative

答案: 【

manipulative

】

14、 问题:

 The US has made some concessions, but also threatened to ____ economic and military support.

选项：
A:

cut down

B:

cut across

C:

cut in

D:

cut off

答案: 【

cut off

】

15、 问题:

Children learn at very young age that by using _____ behaviors it will get us to pay more attention to them.

选项：
A:manipulative
B:fatalistic
C:mandatory
D:predetermined
答案: 【manipulative】

16、 问题:

Researchers have increasingly tried to use these biomarkers to ____ people who are at high risk of developing heart disease.

选项：
A:

encounter

B:

identify

C:

discover

D:

predict

答案: 【

identify

】

17、 问题:

The Federal Reserve took extraordinary action over the weekend to try to ____ shaky financial markets.

选项：
A:

insure

B:

ensure

C:

reassure

D:

assure

答案: 【

reassure

】

18、 问题:

Autonomy is a new area in language teaching research, which emphasized the development of the learner’s ability to ____ in language learning. 

选项：
A:

take responsibility

B:

take care

C:

take time

D:

take initiative

答案: 【

take initiative

】

19、 问题:

Don’t praise Westerners too highly when you ____ them. Otherwise, they may think you’re just buttering them up!

选项：
A:

complement

B:

compliment

C:

comprehend

D:

consume

答案: 【

compliment

】

20、 问题:

By increasing women’s participation in the economy and enhancing their efficiency and productivity, we can ____ a dramatic impact on the competitiveness and growth of our economies. 

选项：
A:

bring about

B:

bring up

C:

bring down

D:

bring froward

答案: 【

bring about

】

21、 材料:

 A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage. Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals. If we encounter a dangerous wild animal – a poisonous snake or a wild cat – we do not fly into a temper. If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away; if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage. We reserve rage for our own species. It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one’s own, but if we take account of the long competition, which must have existed between our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal man – indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthal man – human rage becomes more comprehensible. 

    In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles. We are always using the words “us and them”. “Our” side is perpetually trying to do down the “other” side. In games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack. The opposition of “us” and “them” is the touchstone of the two-party system of “democratic” politics. Although there are no very serious consequences to many of these modern psychological representations of the “us and them” emotion, it is as well to remember that the original aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it. 

    The readiness with which humans allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the “us and them” blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within our subspecies itself. The First World War is an example in which Europe divided itself into two imaginary subspecies. And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland. The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the Pope has been able to control it. The clash is much more primitive than the Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin. The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear is imposed from outside the community, or until the combatants become exhausted. 

21、 问题:

A suitable title for this passage would be____.

选项：
A:

Why Human Armies Are Formed

B:

Man’s Anger Against Rage

C:

The Human Capacity for Rage

D:

Early Struggles of Angry Man

答案: 【

The Human Capacity for Rage

】

21、 问题:

According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is____. 

选项：
A:

its lengthy and complex development

B:

a conflict such as is now going on in Northern Ireland

C:

 that we do not fly into a temper more often

D:

that we reserve anger for mankind

答案: 【

that we reserve anger for mankind

】

21、 问题:

The passage suggests that____. 

选项：
A:

historically, we have created an “us” versus “them” society

B:

humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal grouping

C:

the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided domination

D:

 the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time

答案: 【

historically, we have created an “us” versus “them” society

】

21、 问题:

From the passage we can infer that ____.

选项：
A:

the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happens

B:

games are psychologically unhealthy

C:

any artificially created subspecies would be our enemy

D:

the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man’s activities

答案: 【

the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man’s activities

】

21、 问题:

The author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland is____. 

选项：
A:

founded in historical fact

B:

 deceptive

C:

apparent

D:

 probably accurate

答案: 【

 deceptive

】

22、 材料:

 The first way we can approach language is as a phenomenon of the individual person. It is concerned with describing and explaining language as a matter of human behavior. People speak and write; they also evidently read and understand what they hear. They are not born doing so; they have to acquire these skills. Not everybody seems to develop them to the same degree. People may suffer accidents or diseases, which impair their performance. Language is thus seen as part of human psychology, a particular sort of behavior, the behavior, which has as its principal, function that of communication.

    The trouble with the term “behavior” is that it is often taken to refer only to more or less overt, and describable, physical movements and acts. Yet part of language behavior-that of understanding spoken or written language, for example-has little or no physically observable signs. It is true we can sometimes infer that understanding has taken place by the changes that take place in the other person’s behavior. When someone has been prohibited from doing something, we may infer that he has understood the prohibition by observing that thereafter he never behaves in that way. We cannot, of course, be absolutely sure that his subsequent behavior is a result of his understanding; it might be due to a loss of interest or inclination. So behavior must be taken to include unobservable activity, often only to be inferred from other observable behavior.

    Once we admit that the study of language behavior involves describing and explaining the unobservable, the situation becomes much more complicated, because we have to postulate some set of processes, some internal mechanism, which operates when we speak and understand. We have to postulate something we can call a mind. The study of language from this point of view can then be seen as a study of the specific properties, processes and states of the mind whose outward manifestations are observable behavior; what we have to know in order to perform linguistically.This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual, is thus principally concerned with explaining how we acquire language, and its relation to general human cognitive systems, and with the psychological mechanisms underlying the comprehension and production of speech; much less with the problem of what language is for, that is, its function as communication, since this necessarily involves more than a single individual. 

22、 问题:

What is the best title for this passage?

选项：
A:

Language as Means of Communication

B:

Language and Psychology

C:

Language and the Individual

D:

Language as a Social Phenomenon

答案: 【

Language and the Individual

】

22、 问题:

According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?

选项：
A:

Language is often regarded as part of human psychology

B:

People develop language skills of different degrees as a result of different personal experiences

C:

Language is a special kind of psychological behavior that is born with an individual

D:

People learn to speak and write through imitation and training

答案: 【

Language is a special kind of psychological behavior that is born with an individual

】

22、 问题:

What does the term “behavior” in the second paragraph especially refer to in this passage?

选项：
A:

It refers to observable and physical movements and acts

B:

It refers to the part of language behavior that involves understanding or interpretation

C:

It refers to both the overt and the unobservable language behaviors in communicating

D:

It refers to acts of speaking and writing

答案: 【

It refers to both the overt and the unobservable language behaviors in communicating

】

22、 问题:

What does “internal mechanism”(Line 3, Para. 3) mean?

选项：
A:

Secret machine

B:

Mental processes

C:

Overt system

D:

Mechanic operation

答案: 【

Mental processes

】

22、 问题:

What can you infer from the passage?

选项：
A:

Its individualistic approach to language is meant to study the psychological processes of language acquisition

B:

The individualistic approach to language is mainly concerned with how language functions in society

C:

The study of language is sure to involve more than a single individual

D:

Psychological approach to language is concerned with the comprehension and production of speech

答案: 【

Its individualistic approach to language is meant to study the psychological processes of language acquisition

】

23、 材料:

 There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.

     In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously，finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.

     An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.

     In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition; every person‘s place within the economic system is fixed by parentage, religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition，too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant society may result.

23、 问题:

What is the main purpose of the passage？

选项：
A:

To outline contrasting types of economic systems

B:

To explain the science of economics

C:

To argue for the superiority of one economic system

D:

To compare barter and money-exchange markets

答案: 【

To outline contrasting types of economic systems

】

23、 问题:

In the second paragraph, the word “real” in “real goods” could best be replaced by ___ . 

选项：
A:

high quality

B:

concrete

C:

utter

D:

authentic

答案: 【

concrete

】

23、 问题:

According to the passage, a barter economy can generate ___.

选项：
A:

rapid speed of transactions

B:

misunderstandings

C:

inflation

D:

difficulties for the traders

答案: 【

difficulties for the traders

】

23、 问题:

According to the passage， who has the greatest degree of control in the administered system？

选项：
A:

Individual households

B:

Small businesses

C:

Major corporations

D:

The government

答案: 【

The government

】

23、 问题:

Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining a person‘s position in a traditional society？ 

选项：
A:

Family background

B:

Age

C:

Religious beliefs

D:

Custom

答案: 【

Age

】

24、 材料:

Feminist sociolinguists, over the course of the last few decades,have conducted studies that they believe support the conclusion that women are routinely discriminated against in English-speaking society.They point to the words used to describe women,as well as the words used to describe society as a whole, as indications that the English language, and therefore the English-speaking culture,is slanted towards the advantage of males.

　　The words used to describe women are used as instrument by feminist sociolinguists to denote an inherent sexism in the English language.Word pairs such as master and mistress and sir and madam, they claim, epitomize such sexism. All of the words in question once held positive connotations but, while the masculine forms have retained their respectable associations, the feminine forms have undergone pejoration and now imply sexual promiscuity(混杂) and other negative characteristics.Feminist researchers assume that such pejoration indicate that the status of women in English-speaking society is relatively low. 　

　　These researchers also find fault with the use of masculine words to describe unisex entities .For example ,they feel that there is nothing inherently mainly about mankind, the best man for the job,or the common man.Similarly,the use of such constructions as the “the average students is worried about his grades” indicate to these researchers an inherent sexism in English that is reflective of the cultures in which they are produced .

　　Carolyn Jacobson ,author of Non-sexist Language has proposed a solution to this conundrum(难题).She advocates the elimination of all sexed words in favor of gender-neutral terms.No longer should we refer to actors and actresses or waiters and waitresses, as such dichotomies(男女有别) allow for the possibility of negative connotations being associated with the feminine designation.Likewise,she believes that phrases such as mankind should give way to human kind and that the use of the masculine pronoun as the default should be abandoned in favor of neutral constructions.Thus, when sexism is eliminated from the English language ,the culture will be more amenable to he deliverance of women as well .

24、 问题:

The primary purpose of this passage is to_____ .

选项：
A:

compare and contrast ideology in various cultures

B:

prove a commonly held belief to be wrong

C:

describe a problem and a possible solution

D:

analyze the historical origins of a modern situation

答案: 【

describe a problem and a possible solution

】

24、 问题:

According to the passage, gender-neutral constructions should be advocated because_____ .

选项：
A:

the elimination of sexism in the English language will precede the elimination of sexism in the culture

B:

they are more grammatically sound than sexed structures

C:

unisex terms are less awkward in casual speech

D:

sex-specific terms always carry negative connotations

答案: 【

the elimination of sexism in the English language will precede the elimination of sexism in the culture

】

24、 问题:

The author refers to mankind ,the best man for the job,and the common man in order to_____ .

选项：
A:

demonstrate the superiority of males in English-speaking society

B:

provide an example of speech that is slanted towards the advantage of males

C:

list the characteristics of the feminist sociolinguist movement

D:

discount the notion that the English language discriminates against women

答案: 【

provide an example of speech that is slanted towards the advantage of males

】

24、 问题:

The word “perjoration” ( Line 5, Para. 2)  most probably means_____

选项：
A:

negative connotation

B:

positive connotation

C:

sexual characteristic

D:

respectable characteristic

答案: 【

negative connotation

】

24、 问题:

In favor of gender-neutral terms,which of the following words can be used to describe unisex entities?

选项：
A:

mankind

B:

chairperson

C:

superman

D:

dragon lady

答案: 【

chairperson

】

第三章 单元测试

1、 问题:

School psychologists and social workers are on the front lines of keeping schools safe, but they're under-prioritized, ______, and overworked.

选项：
A:understaffed
B:overstaffed
C:underestimate
D:overestimate
答案: 【understaffed】